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How have Manchester City and Atletico Madrid have modernized the traditional 4-4-2 formation?
重拾4-4-2——曼城、马竞的阵型革命
by Zaheer Shah • October 4, 2013 • 0 Comments
作者:Zaheer Shah • October 4, 2013
The 4-4-2 system is one of the oldest and most used formations in football. It proved a successful platform for many of the greatest teams the world has seen, and many different variations such as the 4-4-2 diamond began evolving. Soon enough, new formations were phased in to combat the effectiveness of the 4-4-2, such as the 4-3-3 and all the different variations that came with it. In recent history, only a handful of teams use a 4-4-2 system, with many preferring a numerical advantage in the midfield.
4-4-2无疑是足球史上最古老最常见的阵型之一。这一阵型曾铸就了许多球队的辉煌,同时也衍生出许多诸如4-4-2菱形站位之类的著名阵型。但好景不长,新的战术阵型例如4-3-3以及许多由此演化而来的阵型逐渐挑战了4-4-2的主流地位。看看近几年的世界足坛就不难发现,除了少数球队仍坚持4-4-2外,因为这些球队大部分更倾向于在中场占有人数优势。
The “Traditional” 4-4-2 Formation: 传统4-4-2阵型
A very simple formation, the system’s advantages lay in having a very structured defensive shape (two banks of four), as well as having a combined threat of two strikers. The emphasis of the attack lies in the wide areas where the wingers and fullbacks can combine in order to provide crosses for the two strikers.
这是一个简单明了的阵型,它的优点在于保持防守端阵型紧凑(两条线各有四名球员)的同时,在进攻端留有两个攻击点。该阵型将进攻重心放在了边路,边路球员和后卫可以相互配合向两名前锋输送炮弹。
The formation evolved through time, but so much in the overall basic shape but the roles within them which altered the shape when attacking, for example, the use of the wide players. When the 4-4-2 formation was at its peak, the use of the wingers were to provide width and service from wide areas, however that soon changed to having one winger providing width and one coming infield to play “between the lines” behind the strikers. Arsenal’s “Invincibles” team used a 4-4-2 formation; however both wingers played relatively centrally and looked to score as many as they assisted. Another evolution of the formation was the roles of the strikers, before they would look to both occupy the opposition central defenders and play within the space of the penalty box, but once again the focus of the evolution was to dominate the space “between the lines”, now one strikers would look to play on the shoulder of the last defender and one striker would drop off into that space.
尽管阵型在不断演变,但整体来说4-4-2的基本阵型没有改变,只是在进攻时一些队员角色的调整使得阵型显得与以往不同了,比如说边路球员。在4-4-2最鼎盛的时期,边路球员用于拉开球场宽度并固定在两翼活动,但不久之后往往只有一边仍在为球队提供宽度,而另一边开始更多地选择内收,成为潜伏前锋身后的“影子杀手”。不败赛季的阿森纳采用4-4-2阵型,但他们的两名边前卫都选择了内收,取得的进球数几乎与助攻数相当。还有一种阵型变化来自前锋队员的角色调整,从前他们经常寻找机会与中卫争抢空档,争取禁区范围的活动空间,但这一次变革的重点还是主导“影子杀手”区域。如今一名前锋游弋在最后一名防守者身边,让另外一名前锋伺机寻找该区域的空档。
The most important roles in the formation are the two central midfielders, their combination and the balance they provide to the rest of the team. In previous years, especially in England, many have expected the central midfielders to be dynamic, box to box and be capable of scoring goals. Frank Lampard, Chelsea’s record goal scorer, made the role famous by making late runs into attacking areas and scoring.
无论是哪种变型,4-4-2最重要的莫过于两名中前卫,包括他们之间的配合以及为全队攻防提供的平衡。前些年,尤其在英格兰,中前卫被要求具有全面性,既要能覆盖到本方和对方禁区,又要有得分能力。切尔西队史进球纪录的保持者兰帕德,就以他出色的后排插上得分能力定义了中前卫这一位置。
Why Did It Phase Out? 走下神坛
The formation, despite being very popular, was problematic once other formations came to the fore. The lack of central midfielders compared to the 4-3-3 meant that the 4-4-2 struggled to compete in midfield. The first solution was to drop one of the strikers back into deeper areas but the obvious problem with that is mind-set. Once the 4-3-3 formation and its variations became the norm, the 4-4-2 had nowhere to go but consigned to the history books.
尽管风靡一时,但4-4-2阵型免不了受到新阵型的冲击。在与433阵型交手时,4-4-2阵型总会受困于中场人数上的劣势。一种解决办法是撤回一名前锋,不过这种办法仅仅是纸上谈兵。随着433阵型以及各种由433衍生出来的阵型逐渐成为主流,4-4-2阵型只能接受走下神坛的命运。
Adopt, Adapt, And Evolve: 改进、适应与进化
The best thing for tactically astute managers to do was to try and adopt other roles from various formations and utilise them within a 4-4-2 system, doing this will allow the formation to adapt and evolve into a new style 4-4-2 that breaks traditions and creates a new place for itself within football tactics. By taking advantage of the rise in attacking fullbacks, they would now take the place of the “traditional” wingers and provide width for the team; the wingers could then influence the areas in the midfield and potentially create a 4v3 against the 4-3-3 formation. The strikers would split into two separate zones and operate in different manners, one would look to exploit the space between defence and midfield and one would look to operate higher up against the opposition central defenders.
战术大师们的过人之处就在于,他们能够从其他阵型设计中获得灵感,从而运用在自己的4-4-2阵型之中加以完善。完成这项工作需要打破一些传统,促使4-4-2的适应与改进,从而重新让4-4-2在足球技战术上拥有一席之地。进攻性边后卫的出现能够替代传统边前卫拉开宽度的作用,而得到解放的边前卫们则可以支援中场,在对阵433阵型时甚至可以形成4打3的局面。两名前锋则将各自占据一片区域各司其职,其中一名负责在对方后防线和中场之间扯动,拉开空间,而另一名作为桥头堡与对方中后卫周旋。
The biggest change however, would come in the central midfield. The “traditional” 4-4-2 would look to the central midfielders for a mix of attacking potency and defensive solidarity. Modern formations have bred various “specialised” roles such as the archetype defensive midfielder and the deep lying playmaker. By breaking tradition and having a midfield pair looking to create balance and a foundation, it allows the rest of the team more freedom to operate in a manner which doesn’t compromise the team’s defensive stability. Rafael Benitez alluded to this during his time with Liverpool, by playing Steven Gerrard in wide areas, it allowed the two central midfielders to control and dictate the game, instead of Gerrard operating high up the pitch and leaving large spaces that can easily be exploited. Many were perplexed by this at the time, such as the tradition of the 4-4-2 that the central midfielder should operate in Gerrard’s manner; nevertheless Benitez went against the grain successfully. The 4-2-3-1 formation has a double-pivot model that has been replicated by the new 4-4-2, a double-pivot that controls games from deeper areas whilst providing protection in front of the defence.
4-4-2改进带来的最大变化来自中前卫。传统4-4-2要求中前卫兼顾攻防两端。而现代阵型则衍生出许多中前卫的类型,包括纯防守型后腰以及组织型后腰。打破传统并配置一对中前卫组合来寻求平衡与稳定,也使得球队其他位置的球员在不牺牲防守稳定性的同时踢得更加灵活自由。贝尼特斯在利物浦执教期间就已深谙此道,他把杰拉德布置在边路,让两名中前卫掌握比赛,避免了杰拉德前插时身后留给对手的大片空档。许多人在当时对这一做法不能理解,因为杰拉德的位置与传统4-4-2的中前卫相背,然而贝尼特斯逆势而取得了成效。他的4-4-2阵型成功地模仿了4-2-3-1阵型中两个核心的设置,双核配置既能在后场控制全局,又能为后防线提供屏障。
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