最值得去的小城（欧洲篇）
最喜欢小城的宁静和美丽，所以偶从不同地方挖来了这些文章和图片~~~~12座小城，都是偶的梦想哈：一个城住一个月，嚯嚯，做梦啊做梦~~
SIENA（意大利）
一个初春的早晨，驱车从位于意大利西海岸中部的马萨出发，经过近两个半小时的路程来到了锡耶纳。锡耶纳是意大利中世纪时重要的商业城市，地处意大利中部。锡耶纳的城市广场作为中世纪城市设计的典范，在许多关于城市设计的书籍中被提到。那天的天气有些阴冷，车子停在旧城外边，我们徒步向旧城中心走去。古老的建筑肩并肩地街道两旁，它们被保护得很好，暖色调的灯光从沿街的商店橱窗中透出来，街道和建筑显示得既古朴又富丽，充满着生活情趣。“为人设计的城市”，这正是意大利中世纪城市设计的精华。
通过一个带台阶的门洞，我们来到了坎坡广场（campo）。该广场位于城市的中心，平面像一个贝壳，市政厅及其高耸的钏塔控制了整个广场。广场像古希腊的半圆形剧场一样，地面则向市政厅前的一个排水口汇聚、倾斜。周围建筑紧密地连在一起，大部分进入广场的道路均通过位于建筑下面的门洞。这样广场同建筑形成了一个连续的整全，她就像这个城市里的“起居室”，人们在这里享受着生活的乐趣。我们在市政厅对面一个餐厅的阳台上吃着比萨饼，这时丝丝细雨飘落到广场上，天空中乌云与湖蓝色的天空交织在一起，向广场上倾酒着变幻不定而生动的光线。人们在细雨中伴着飞舞的鸽子，领略着这个古代城市设计杰作的魅力。
(对于这个小城，球队锡耶纳更被偶们这些球迷熟知哈）
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DUBROVNIK(克罗地亚）
到杜布罗夫尼克是暮冬时节，从克罗地亚首都萨格勒布坐40分钟的飞机，就到了这座位于亚得里亚海边的小城。一下飞机，首先映入眼帘的是茂盛的树木、清澈的海水和灿烂的阳光，感觉与阴冷潮湿的萨格勒布大不一样，也初步明白了小城何以获得“亚得里亚海明珠”的美誉。
在斯拉夫语中，杜布罗夫尼克是“橡树林”的意思。这座面积364平方公里、人口不到6万的小城坐落在亚得里亚海滨、达尔马提亚南部海岸的石灰岩半岛上。中国人熟知的马可·波罗就曾在杜布罗夫尼克长期居住。
杜布罗夫尼克依山傍海，风景优美，气候温和，是世界著名的旅游胜地。小城分为旧城和新城两部分。旧城被完全包围在高大、坚固的城堡中。城墙用花岗岩砌成，厚5米，高22米，长1940米，每隔不远就有一座碉堡，墙外有护城河环绕。城内完好地保存着14世纪的药房、庄严宏伟的大教堂、精雕细刻的修道院以及古老华丽的大公府，这些古建筑风格迥异，有的具罗马风格，有的是哥特式，还有的具有文艺复兴风格或巴洛克风格，充分体现了杜布罗夫尼克丰厚的历史和文化底蕴。走在旧城内，中世纪样式的街道、古朴的街灯令人难分古今，街道两旁沿着山坡而建的一排排红瓦小房犹如散落在城中的一串串珍珠。中午12时和晚6时，城堡内的36口大钟齐鸣，钟声回荡，悠扬悦耳。在欧洲，杜布罗夫尼克是中世纪建筑保存较完好的一个城市，1979年，杜布罗夫尼克被联合国教科文组织列入了“世界文化遗产名录”。
杜布罗夫尼克新城建于滨海缓坡上，这里有古朴典雅的剧院、现代化的旅馆以及海滨浴场、疗养院等旅游设施。杜布罗夫尼克素以文化发达驰名，有“斯拉夫的雅典”和“城市博物馆”之称。创办于1950年的“杜布罗夫尼克之夏”艺术节每年都吸引大批国内外知名的艺术家、文学家和诗人会聚于此，以文艺复兴时期的古建筑为布景，上演古典戏剧等精彩节目。
杜布罗夫尼克当地人常说：“杜布罗夫尼克有两宝，绿树和海水。”的确，站在杜布罗夫尼克的高处，放眼望去，一片郁郁葱葱，尤其是道路两旁的棕榈树和油橄榄，更是展示出迷人的亚热带风光。地中海沿岸各国喜欢种植油橄榄，早在几百年前，杜布罗夫尼克就有一项法律，规定每对新婚夫妇必须种植几十株橄榄树，人称“夫妻树”。此后，这一规定延续了下来，只不过树种由油橄榄扩大到了各种树木。除了绿树，杜布罗夫尼克的海水也颇负盛名，这里的海底皆为石头，加上少有污染，因此海水清澈透亮。在杜布罗夫尼克，即使是冬天，也常能看到英俊青年驾一叶孤舟，潇洒地向深海驶去，不久即人海一色。
离开杜布罗夫尼克的时候，我又一次从飞机上仔细眺望这座有着迷人的海滩、美味的小吃、中世纪风格的建筑以及好客的人民的城市，耳畔不禁响起了英国著名作家萧伯纳在参观杜布罗夫尼克老城后说的话：“那些寻找地上天堂的人们，请到杜布罗夫尼克一游！”
SINTRA (葡萄牙)
里斯本近郊的新特拉市(Sintra) 是摩尔贵族与葡萄牙王室的夏宫所在地，位于与城市同名的山脚下,是一个美丽的地方。这一带山峦起伏，宫殿、城堡和别墅就坐落在这一碧连天之中，人文景观与自然风光柔合在了一起。它独特的风景文化使联合国教科文组织将它列为世界遗产。同时考虑到它的自然风景如同它的历史建筑一样重要，因此联合国教科文组织还为它创造一个特别的类别--" 文化风景"类。新特拉山上覆盖了非常丰富的植被，是新特拉自然公园（Sintra-Cascais）的一部分。
从很早时期新特拉就已经有从伊比利亚半岛（Iberian Peninsula）过来的各种各样不同人类居住的痕迹，这些都被陈列在这个城市郊外的奥德林哈斯考古学博物馆里（the Archaeological Museum of odrinhas）。在12世纪, Dom Afonso Henriques, 葡萄牙的第一位国王, 夺取摩尔人的城堡, 并且他的后继者在这个阿拉伯宫殿的废墟上修造了假日居所, 现在成为这个城市的国家宫殿。很多摩尔人存在过的遗迹都保存在这里, 尤其是一些瓦片, 庭院和喷泉, 并且他们样貌都被绘制在中世纪建造的两个极大的圆锥形烟囱上。
新特拉市作为国家旅游胜地经常被国王和贵族赞美，被诗人和作家称颂，如拜伦称赞它为"灿烂的伊甸园"，新特拉有大量的村舍和庄园，现在其中的一些作为官方的旅游度假场所。
新特拉其它的一些宫殿也很出色，如佩纳宫（the Pena palace），是一座多种建筑风格综合在一起的城堡，建于1840-1850年，距今近一个半世纪；建造在山顶的罗马时期建筑，以及18世纪的瑟特阿斯宫（Palace of Seteais），现在成为一个高雅的酒店，它的花园成为辛特纳音乐节最重要的活动--舞蹈之夜的场地，以及莫色拉特宫（the Palace of Monserrate），都以拥有独一无二美丽的异国情调花园著名。
新特拉当地食品特别值得一提，特别是"travesseiros" (一种糖果混合的蓬松食品)和按照12世纪配方制造的奶酪饼干，味道都非常棒。
BRUGES (比利时)
布鲁日（Bruges）也译作“布吕赫”是比利时著名的旅游城市，布鲁日位于比利时西北部弗兰德平原，距北海１４公里。素有“小威尼斯”之称的布鲁日，它是今日欧洲游览胜地也是近来浪漫的观光客趋之若骛的地方，ＢＲＵＧＥS荷语是“桥”的意思，布鲁日还是座水城。河道遍布城里，很多建筑是依河道而建。今日布鲁日有５０座以上的桥是标准的水上都市，其建筑以哥德式的文艺复兴时期的式样为主体。布鲁日中世纪曾经是欧洲著名的港口城市和商埠。如今的布鲁日完整地保存了中世纪的城市整体风貌，护城河、城墙等，城市内很少有机动车和柏油路。
据史书记载，公元９世纪建城，１４世纪时已成为欧洲最大的商港。１５世纪初，由于外国的竞争，弗兰德的羊毛工业逐渐衰落，其经济地位被安特卫普所取代，但布鲁日仍是仅次于安特卫普的欧洲主要输入港。到达布鲁日的第一个印象是城内河渠如网，河上游船如织，大小桥梁随处可见。在河道两旁，一幢幢中世纪的建筑掩映在绿树丛中，这旖旎的水乡风光，使游人恍如隔世，回到遥远的年代。在市中心广场，历史古迹比比皆是。建于公元１３７６年的市政厅，是比利时最古老的市政厅。正面六扇尖顶穹窿窗垂直排列，造型新颖，别具特色。市政厅的外墙上刻有浮雕，内容取材于圣经故事和历史人物，形象鲜明，生动传神，不远处，还有几座文艺复兴时期遗留下来的古老教堂，如圣桑大教堂，圣安娜教堂、圣雅各教堂、圣血教堂……其外形有哥特式、巴罗克式、拜占庭式，颇为壮观。教堂内保存着布鲁日画派大师们如扬·凡·爱克、汉斯·梅姆林和杰勒德·大卫等人的绘画珍品，其中圣血教堂内相传藏有1150年从圣地带回几滴基督血的金匣。圣约翰医院小教堂中藏有油画鼻祖扬·凡·爱克的多幅名作。
圣母院是布鲁日最为著名的历史古迹，建于１３世纪。这里珍藏的１５世纪意大利雕塑大师米开朗琪罗的大理石雕塑“圣母像”是举世闻名的艺术佳作。
TOLEDO(西班牙)
6月上旬，是耶稣被钉在十字架上的日子，因此称圣礼节。该节的日期每年各异，有时是6月5日，有时是6月6日或7日。庆祝活动中心主要集中在首都马德里和托莱多城。相比之下，马德里的庆祝活动不如托莱多城隆重。这主要是因为，在托莱多古老的教堂中有一座巨大的耶稣受难圣像。这一天人们就把它抬出来在大街上游行一次。在游行纪念过程中，宗教气氛特别浓厚，信徒们穿上黑色的长袍，跟在巨大的耶稣像后面，双手合十，耷拉着脑袋，无声无息地缓缓行进，庄严，如同送葬一般，给人一种压抑和悲伤的感受。
其他一些地方，也有将活人扮作耶稣，绑在十字架上，进行类似的悼念活动。在木尔西亚地区耶稣受难节上，吹鼓手吹起了一个长达三米左右的喇叭，发出的声音在天空回荡，使人感到震颤，甚至有些毛骨耸然。
这一天，不少西班牙人还守斋禁食，不参加非宗教性的娱乐活动，教堂也不给情人们举行婚礼。
SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA (西班牙)
西班牙西北部这个著名的朝觐圣址成为西班牙基督教反对伊斯兰教的重要象征。古城10世纪遭到了穆斯林的严重毁坏，于11世纪得到彻底重建。圣地亚哥古城的罗马式建筑、哥特式建筑和巴洛克式建筑吸引着世界各地的游客。整座古城是以圣雅各的坟墓和奉有圣雅各圣骨的教堂为中心发展起来的。
比利牛斯山两侧的基督徒都去向他祈祷，这个伟大而有感召力的人物是谁？路上来来往往的人之多，几乎已无处落脚。有人告诉我们说这个人是'圣雅各，我们的上帝和救世主的使徒'，他的躯体埋在加利西亚，被尊奉为基督教世界（法国、英国、意大利、德国，而最重要的是西班牙）的守护神和保护人。
以上是埃米尔阿尔夫·本·优素福（1106-1142）的大使们所作的描述。他们在踏上通往西班牙西北部的圣地亚哥-德孔波斯特拉的道路时充满好奇。（"圣地亚哥"，西班牙语中为圣雅各）。他们来自何方，这些挡了他们路的一群群的朝觐者？朝觐活动是何时开始的？
到圣地亚哥-德孔波劳动保护特拉朝觐，是为了纪念使徒圣雅各（又名大雅各）。圣雅各是西庇太（加利利海上的一个渔夫）和撒罗米（通常伴随耶稣的圣女）之子，另一个使徒（《新约》中的主要人物）圣约翰的兄弟。
耶稣死后，圣雅各在巴勒斯坦宣讲福音，一直到臭名昭著的希律大帝的侄子希律·亚基帕一世于令将他斩首。他可能于公元44年被处决，因此是第一个殉难的使徒。据说，他还曾去西班牙布道，他的尸骨被运往加利西亚埋葬。
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推荐：A brief overview of the Camino （photos）
http://www.santiago-compostela.net/overview.html
[此贴子已经被作者于2004-6-26 22:36:18编辑过]
CESKY KRUMLOV（捷克）
想像一个小镇，被一条河包围着、守护着，每天伴随着镇里人们生活的，是忙碌的潺潺流水声。
在捷克布拉格以南三小时车程远，就有这么一个中世纪小镇。契斯基库伦隆（Cesky Krumlov），也许你觉得它的名字拗口，但如果见识了它蕴藏的魅力，你绝不会忘记这个名字。
守护着契斯基库伦隆的河叫伏尔他瓦河（Vltava），倒S形的它很忙碌，巧妙地穿过小镇，穿梭于河左岸的城堡区、Latran下游谷地，与右岸以市政广场（Namesti Svornosti）为中心的旧城区之间。
小镇有南北两个主要的出入口。从北由现在仅留存的城门进入，沿着石板路，很快就走到城堡区的入口处。
倚山而建的城堡是13世纪的要塞，14世纪被豪族收购。经过多代的加建修建，呈现出的复杂风格，融合了哥德式、文艺复兴与巴洛克式的风情。总面积有7公顷的城堡区，现在共有大大小小约40座建筑与宫殿，向来都是契斯基库伦隆的权利象征，规模之大，在捷克境内仅次于布拉格城堡。拾级而上，正门有个圆形高塔，外墙是粉红与绿的配色，富丽堂皇的设计，有很浓厚的波希米亚风味。高塔建在山顶的最高点，不管是从镇里镇外，绝对不会错过这座地标。
城堡内可参观的除了一个礼拜堂、巴洛克式的寝宫、许多文艺复兴式的房间外，还有一个巴洛克式的城堡剧院。虽然城堡只在夏天（4月至10月）开放，但如果你在冬天来访，仍可以穿过中庭欣赏外观，也可在城堡多处找到俯瞰眺望小镇的绝佳点，满足手按相机快门，捕捉绝色景致的欲望。
小镇虽然不大，但小巷弄可一点也不闷。欧洲很多城市的巷子总是别有风情。尤其在东欧，位于南波希米亚的契斯基库伦隆，也许是波希米亚民族崇尚自由、放荡不羁、没规律的天性，左弯右拐、曲折迂回的巷子总能让人发现惊喜。
走出城堡沿途往南，蓦然发现躲在巷子里的斗大中文字“茶之家”，更准确的说，是日本汉字。简单的一个招牌，就能吸引人往巷子里拐进。推门而入，印度音乐迎耳而来，昏黄的灯光，有午后的闲情。老板见是游客，送来英文版的“茶单”，还给了个铃铛，决定要点的东西，就摇个铃唤来服务生。这里售卖世界各地上百种类的茶叶，其中自然少不了中国茶、日本茶、英国茶，还有自家混合不同茶叶研发出来的独家招牌茶；而使用的茶皿，更是日本风味十足。临窗而坐，屋内音乐声与屋外河流潺潺，交汇成一支悠扬的波希米亚舞曲。
有河的地方当然少不了桥梁。小镇的桥梁不多，连接城堡区与旧城区的，是一条主要的木桥。漫步走过木桥，还可以看到野鸭悠游河中。
再往前走，就是旧城区了。旧城区因为被河包围着，所以又称为“内城”。中心的市政广场上矗立着建于1716年的黑死病纪念柱（Plague Column），周边有好几家咖啡座及旅馆。广场外围的小巷弄里，更有好些商店，售卖传统捷克木制玩具、木偶、波希米亚水晶等。
埃贡西勒：小镇之光
契斯基库伦隆大概没什么值得炫耀的名人或事迹，唯一较显赫的，就是奥地利画家埃贡希勒（Egon Schiele）了。
旧城区巷弄里有一所埃贡希勒美术馆（Egon Schiele Art Centrum），希勒英年早逝，画作不算多，所以馆内除了收藏希勒作品外，也展览其他年轻画家画作。希勒与契斯基库伦隆的结缘，是在第一次拜访这个母亲的故乡时，爱上了这里的好山好水，决定定居契斯基库伦隆，专心绘画生涯。但画风开放喜画裸女的他，不久就遭到保守派宗教人士及人们的议论，没住几个月，就被当地居民赶走了。
讽刺的是，希勒的才华并没有因此被忽略。现在的契斯基库伦隆可是引希勒为小镇之光。
契斯基库伦隆绝对不是不食人间烟火的。事实上，它在1992年被联合国教科文组织指定为世界遗产后，小镇的夏天就开始人声鼎沸。所有房舍会顿然变成民宿（pension）、旅舍（hostel）；所有商店贩卖纪念品、特产，或是变成咖啡馆、酒吧、餐厅；河边水上活动不绝，小镇四周起伏的山陵与苍翠的森林正是最好的健行地点。或许，只有在寒冷的冬天，小镇才能拥有自己最原始的灵魂。
ZERRMATT(瑞士）
策马特（Zermatt)是位于瓦莱斯州(Valais)，海拔有1，62O公尺高，人口只有15000的小城镇，同时也是是瑞士“冰河列车”的起终点。整个城镇最重要的街道也只有一条，一出火车站，那条名为班霍夫的大街即是镇上的交通要道，它长度也不过2、300公尺，南北向的贯通整个城镇，如果想弄清楚策马特城镇的重点分布，大概只需半天的时间，此外因为地方不大，双脚在这里是最好用的交通工具，安步当车在策马特可是最恰当的形容词了。而为了维持这里洁净的空气，策马特不准汽油燃煤的车辆进入，所有旅客都必须在Brig转搭策马特火车，镇内有无污染的电动车巡回，旅客可以呼吸到阿尔卑斯山最清新的空气！形体轻巧的电动车、马车与脚踏车是这里主要的载运工具。
策马特虽小，但在国际上享有超然的地位，紧贴着世界闻名的马特洪峰（Matterhorn),标高4478m的马特洪峰高耸于策马特镇，如钢铁般的角锥形造型，知名度可不下欧洲第一高峰--白朗峰。马特洪峰高在阳光中闪耀，展示着大自然的神奇力量。策马特成为了探访此名山的落脚点，各地的游客汇聚于此，等候乘坐登山缆车上至海拔3，131公尺的Gornegrat观景台，远眺马特洪峰及瑞士最高之杜科峰，还有最大的冰川就展现在眼前。
策马特有绝佳的登山健行步道与滑雪场，策马特全区共有大、小缆车103部及2条高山火车路线，经由缆车连接可跨越至意大利，因此除了专门朝圣马特洪峰的游客之外，许多爱好此类活动的人也将策马特视为天堂，这使得策马特终年游客总要比当地的居民多的多，本区不但名列世界十大滑雪区中，也是欧洲高消费指数区域之一。
许多来到策马特的人，除了对当地阿尔卑斯山的风光有着无限眷恋与美好的回忆外，相信许多人对充满特色的木制房舍也印象深刻，尤其是家家户户窗台前种植的鲜花，不论是紫或红，是黄或白，颜色总是那么纯净灿烂，彷佛是因吸收洁净空气与阿尔卑斯山系精华孕育出来的结果。除了白天忙碌的活动外，夜晚降临时不要忘记到外面散散步，低垂的天空下灿烂的星光，与寂静的气氛相呼应，将会给你带来一夜的好眠。
TOMAR（葡萄牙）
Tomar - History
This town was founded in 1159 by the first Grand Master of the all-powerful Order of the Knights Templar in Portugal, Gualdim Pais. The Order consisted of knights whose main purpose was to help the Portuguese in defeating the invading Moors. In return the knights received lands and political powers that in the end became their eventual undoing as their strength and wealth became too much of a threat to the Church. The Pope Clement V in 1314 decided to act and suppressed the Order. The Portuguese King Dom Dinis promptly reacted by creating the new Order of Christ and this organization was given the assets and power of the previous Knights Templar. The famous Portuguese Prince "Henry the Navigator" was made the Governor of the Order in 1418 and used liberally their funds together with their logo of a white cross to finance his exploration voyages of the world.
Tomar - Description
The Igreja da Santa Maria do Olival was considered as the mother church of this Order and it is the resting place of many of the past Masters. The most important secret moments of this Order took place in the "Charola", an octagonal chapel painted and carved in the Byzantine style and is the heart of the Covento de Cristo. Much of the frescos, statuary and paintings decorating the "Charola" have been carefully restored to their former splendour. The 12th Century Castle attached to the Convento looks down on lively streets and historic buildings. The 15th Century Igreja de S?o Jo?o Baptista contains paintings that include a remarkable work, the “Last Supper” painted by Gregório Lopes during the 16th Century. In this town is one of the oldest synagogues in Portugal that was built between 1430 and 1460. Last used in 1497 it is now a small Jewish Museum in honour of Abraham Zacuto who was a renowned astronomer and mathematician from the 15th Century. Beside the 15th century bridge Ponte Velha is the Capela da Santa Ira built to celebrate the martyrdom of this 7th Century Saint. This town has many other churches of interest, particularly the 16th Century Nossa Senhora da Concei??o. The Museu dos Fósforos in the former cloisters of the Igreja de S?o Francisco is possibly unique in that it is devoted to matches exhibiting some 43.000 matchboxes from 104 countries.
Tomar - Nearby Locations
To the west of Tomar is the holy shrine of Fatima which attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. To the northeast of Fatima is the 15th Century impressive castled town of Ourém, the resting place of the Dom Afonso álvares Pereira. To the east is the National Dam, Barragem do Castelo de Bode, a sprawling lake with many islands lined by eucalyptus forests and now well exploited by the tourist industry and further to the north is the pretty village Dornes. Another charming village is that of Sardoel that lies slightly further east. The inhabitants were renowned in the 16th Century in the arts, both as competent painters and as folk dancers. To the south is the 13th Century fortress town of Abrantes that served as a military headquarters for opposing armies during the Peninsular War (1808-1814). To the west of Abrantes is the small pretty town of Constancia the birthplace of Portugal’s famous 16th Century poet Luís Vaz de Cam?es. Close by is the romantic 12th Century castle of Almourol that is recorded as never to have been successfully taken by any invading armies. Standing on its tiny island in the middle of River Tejo it abounds in fables and is reputed to be haunted by a lovely Princess. Slightly further west is the 12th Century fortress town of Torres Novas with its many churches and its museum dedicated to its local artist Carlos Reis (1863-1940). Outside this town is Vila Cardílio, the ruins of a important Roman villa that still shows some attractive mosaics, baths, and the under-floor central heating system. Also, close to the town is the Neolithic caves Grutas das Lapas that have been carved out of the rock. To the south of Torres Novas is the quiet town of Goleg? which explodes every November with thousands of horse lovers from many countries at its annual horse fair, Feira Nacional de Cavalo. Not be overlooked in this small town is the two museums, one devoted to the photographic work of Carlos Relvas, and the other exhibiting the work from the artist Martins Correia.
HVAR (克罗地亚)
Hvar - town with the oldest communal theatre in Europe...
Hvar is situated on the south-western coast of the homonymous island, in a marvellous bay protected by the Pakleni otoci...
Once a town of turbulent history, today it is one of the most prominent and visited tourist centres in the Adriatic.
Among the monuments which will bring you back into the times when Hvar was under Venice, Austria and Napoleon, there are fascinating communal theatre, the oldest in Europe, the Fortress, the Arsenal, the City Loggia, the Cathedral, the Franciscan Monastery...
However, it is not only the monuments that make Hvar an extraordinary place. It is its port open to the sea and the Pakleni otoci, a unique climate perfect for health treatment, swimming beaches, restaurants, clubs,... which over the century and a half give off a splendor of a trendy tourist resort.
EVORA (葡萄牙)
Évora - History
Initially the Romans named it “Ebora Cerelis” linking the town to the importance of the Alentejo plains for growing wheat. The surrounding area provided open mining of copper and iron, whilst the high quality marble went to embellish their fine villas. It well fortified city was captured from the Moors by the famous Portuguese general, Geraldo Sem-Pavor in 1165. Later évora became an important place in the middle centuries when it was chosen by the Jesuits as a seat of learning and culture. In 1663 Dom L?oa de áustria lead the Spanish into the city which was later recaptured by the English forces. Until the annexation of Portugal by the Spanish in 1580 the Portuguese Royal House of Avis (1385-1580), often used the town as a location from which to conduct their court. In the 18th Century its influence waned when the University was closed. This walled city with its strange enchantment has since been declared by UNESCO as one of their World Heritage Sites. Inside the city are many interesting buildings and ancient remains dating as far back as to the Dolmens and Neolithic times. The region surrounding évora is scattered with signs of the Roman occupation and even the much older Megaliths, dated between BC 4.000 to 2.000. As the region has always been an agricultural area there are many large private estates with their suitable manor houses.
évora - Description
Basically the town today likes to be considered a seat of learning with its University founded in 16th Century by Cardinal Dom Henrique. Within the surrounding wall the most prominent feature is without doubt the 2nd or 3rd Century ruins of a Roman Temple dedicated to the Goddess Diana. Before being rescued from its neglected state of ruin in 1870 it had been used in its history as a armoury, theatre, and even a slaughterhouse. Another attractive feature is the 15th Century Convento dos Lóios that has been reconstructed as a luxurious Pousada. The city’s 13th Century cathedral took some 50 years to build and is reminiscent of a fortress except for having been flanked by two unmatched towers. The main square with its 16th Century fountain has a sad history. Among other events Dom Jo?o II witnessed the beheading by his orders of his brother-in-law the Duque de Bragan?a. Equally unpleasant were the "auto-fe" ceremonies held by the Jesuit Inquisition as impressive spectacles to place fear into the spectators. A macabre reminder is the Capela dos Ossos in the 15th Century Igreja de S?o Francisco. Here lies the bones of some 5.000 monks with an entrance sign reading “we bones that here await yours”. There are several museums, principally the Museu de Arte Sacra, Galeria de Arte Casa Cadaval, the Museu de Artes Decorativas Religiosas and the Museu de évora. The museum, formerly the palace of the Bishop and built with many worked stones from previous buildings in the city houses some interesting religious items. A specialty of the town is the “P?o de Rala” bread-cake made with pumpkin.
évora - Nearby Locations
To the north is the town of Arraiolos with its prominent 14th Century castle and 16th century church. This town has made its name from as early as the 17th Century with its superb quality handmade carpets and rugs depicting historic and religious events or attractive floral designs. However, there is evidence that this cottage industry is believed to have commenced in the time of the Moors. To the southwest is the quiet sleepy town of Alcá?ovas that attracted Dom Dinis. Its origins are pre-Roman but in 1283 it was granted a charter as a town by Dom Afonso III. It was the historic location in 1457 for the wedding of Portuguese princes to two Spanish princesses, and it was in this town that the Peace Treaty of the War of Spanish Succession was signed in 1668. Directly to the south is the town of Viana do Alentejo, raised to the status of a town in 1313 by Dom Dinis. To the south-east is the 13th Century town of Portel where little remains to remind us of its historic past. There are several interesting buildings in this attractive small town that also date back to Roman times. Directly to the east is the town of Redondo set in the heart of the wine district. This area has many megalithic monuments indicating that during the past Neolithic period it was a populated area. There is still evidence left in Portel of its castle built by Dom Dinis in the 14th Century.
LEVOCA （斯洛伐克）
It was proved that the town and its surroundins were settled in the New Stone Age. The old Levoca was situated on the left side of the road from Levoca to Spisska Nova Ves, where the archaeologists excavated the foundations of a Roman church, the size of which was quite respectable: it is23.5m long, the width of the nave is 12m and the apse is over 8m.It was the Church of St. Nicholas dating back to the 11th-12th century . The next large settlement, or alittle town and a rotund church from the 11th century are situated next to what is now Kosicka Gate. When in the 12th century,and also after Tartar Raid in 1241,the German colonists arrived in Levoca, they found the original settlements- the little towns which, with their own new dwellings, became the foundation of the present town.
The oldest document, where Levoca is mentioned for the firsttime, was issued by Hungarian king Belo IV in 1249 and he documented the act ofpresenting the grounds to the Spis Prior. It says that: "The border of the ground called Jablonov descends to the road which leads to Levoca."In 1271Levoca becomes the center of the Saxons' province and, like the other Spis towns, uses the rights offree king'stowns: they have autonomy, judicial authority, personal freedom, the right to mine ores, exploit forests, perform crafts, carry on trade and the right of store, which caused a long-lasting conflict with the town of Kezmarok, which won it only thanks to a trick. The conflict is known as "Hundred-year War" and Levoca was the winner. In 1402 the citizens of Levocawere freed from the right of store of other towns, in 1419 the rulers freed Levoca's merchants from the thirties duty all over Hungary. Thanks to its advantageous position on the crossroads of trade routes and and substantial support of the both political and economic priviliges from the rulers, finances started to flow to the town's treasure, as well as to the burghers' purses, allowing general development. It was the period of architectural, educational, cultural, artistic and crafts splendour. The fires in 1550 and 1599 caused a lot of damage. But the strong and rich town recovered succesfully from thosedisasters and kept its significant position till the end of the 16th century.
The town ofLevoca used to be surrounded by the well -preserved Town-Wall, which was rebuilt several times. The architecture of the burghers' houses in the square was changing from Gothic to Renaissance, as we know it now. Due to the fires, only the remains of the Gothic house have been preserved and they are discovered during the reconstructions. The Town Hall is built in Renaissance style,too. Religious brotherhoods, and especially churches , were the centers ofspiritual culture. The most important were: the Church of St. Nicholas, Holy Spirit, St. John and probably the Church ofSt. Elizabeth, too. But the most significant of them is the church of European importance, the Church of St. Jacob. Since the 15th century the town supported education by giving certian sum of money to school. There were a library, pharmacy, bath and some doctors worked here as well.
In thelast century of this millenium the town becomes administrative center ofdistrict and later county importance. It is also a town of schools. Still its most impressive treasure is its heritage- artistic.They were why the town has become historical reservationin 1950. Life is coming back to the restored historical buildings thanks to the restorers- artists and skillful craftsmen. In the stylish buildings, there are new centers of social, cultural and economic life of the town.
噼里啪啦 ，赞一个先，8过还是习惯看中文哈， 西班牙这种地方太多了，萨拉曼卡，还有在电视上看过的一个短片，Cadiz，没说的，这辈子一定要发财去一次 瑞士不错
环境优美
雪山，小镇
隐居的好地方啊 瑞士，一直好向往！想去北欧感受那里的宁静。也想去地中海…… 其实若是有时间,欧洲的小成才是旅游的最佳地点.
一家之言. 有用。。。挖出来。。。。。 是啊,欧洲的小城8错的说,所以偶最稀饭看环法,风景那边独好......... 那天看电视上，觉得亲身看不了环法的话，也要去看一次环青海湖。。。
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